{"id":437,"date":"2020-09-24T03:50:52","date_gmt":"2020-09-24T03:50:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/?page_id=437"},"modified":"2020-09-29T03:14:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-29T03:14:10","slug":"alternative-designs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/alternative-designs\/","title":{"rendered":"Alternative Designs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Mushroom-Paper-Samples.jpg);min-height:240px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Mushroom papers<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is it possible that paper can be made out of mushrooms?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The cell walls of fungi are made of a biological polymer called chitin, which is similar to cellulose\u2014the key ingredient in plant-based paper. The use of cellulose fibers from plant material for making paper was first developed in China in the 1st century C.E. Before the invention of paper, important information was written on various other materials such as clay tablets, metal tablets, papyrus, and animal skins. The art of fiber paper spread from China to Japan in the 6th century and eventually to Europe in the 10th century. By the 19th, century paper production was fully mechanized with papers and books becoming widely available.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"445\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/alternative-designs\/fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1-552x414.jpg 552w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Fomitopsis_pinicola_109142-1.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Ganoderma<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/lcttgo_1000x1000.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"446\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/alternative-designs\/lcttgo_1000x1000\/\" class=\"wp-image-446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/lcttgo_1000x1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/lcttgo_1000x1000-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/lcttgo_1000x1000-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/lcttgo_1000x1000-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/lcttgo_1000x1000-552x552.jpg 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Fomitopsis<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Trametes.hirsuta.-.lindsey.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"451\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Trametes.hirsuta.-.lindsey.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/alternative-designs\/trametes-hirsuta-lindsey\/\" class=\"wp-image-451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Trametes.hirsuta.-.lindsey.jpg 640w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Trametes.hirsuta.-.lindsey-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Trametes.hirsuta.-.lindsey-552x367.jpg 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Trametes<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">Figure (1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Various species of fungi that grow on trees can make attractive and usable paper. The following figure(1) Displays three different types of mushrooms that are a good source for producing paper products. <strong>Trametes Versicolor<\/strong>&nbsp;(Turkey Tail),&nbsp;<strong>Ganoderma<\/strong>&nbsp;species, and&nbsp;<strong>Fomitopsis<\/strong>&nbsp;species are all good choices for making paper. These hard, woody, tree-dwelling fungi have good qualities for making paper\u2014the fibers are strong and durable and hold up well to dyeing and inks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Both&nbsp;<strong>Ganoderma lucidum<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>Trametes Versicolor<\/strong>&nbsp;can easily be grown on logs by hobbyists using inoculated dowels (plug spawn) or on a larger scale using sawdust inoculum. Small-scale indoor cultivation using mushroom kits is also an option if you don\u2019t have logs or outdoor growing space. If you are fortunate enough to have an indoor growing room then you can quickly mass-produce mushrooms from inoculated blocks of either&nbsp;Ganoderma lucidum&nbsp;or&nbsp;Trametes Versicolor&nbsp;and have control over some qualities of the mushrooms. Once you have your mushrooms from wildcrafting, indoor, or outdoor cultivation, proper drying is important to preserve them for long-term use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Most importantly, paper making is a wet art and needs to be done in a space where water is available and can be used without fear of messy activities. A blender is also needed to pulverize the mushroom to a pulp. Once pulped, you will need a tub to hold water and pulped fiber slurry, a mold and deckle to lift and shape a film of pulp out of the slurry, and sheets of fabric to absorb the excess water from the paper sheet on the mold. The paper sheet is then pressed flat and slowly dried to retain its flat profile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How to Make Fungi Into Paper<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"http:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Paper-From-Fungi-Basics-North-American-Mycological-Association.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paper From Fungi Basics &#8211; North American Mycological Association<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/Paper-From-Fungi-Basics-North-American-Mycological-Association.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#dbdbdb;color:#dbdbdb\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/white-goat-toilet-paper-maker.jpg);min-height:240px;background-position:50% 50%;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">White Goat Shredder<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">A machine called the &#8220;White Goat&#8221; that turns office paper into rolls of toilet paper sounds like an intriguing idea. Its Japanese developers, Oriental Co., Ltd., claim that the machine can save 60 cedar trees per year while minimizing office paper waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/download-3-edited.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-464\" width=\"287\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/download-3-edited.jpg 945w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/download-3-edited-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/download-3-edited-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/download-3-edited-552x368.jpg 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The White Goat uses 40 sheets of standard A4 office paper and some water to make one roll of&nbsp;toilet paper, a process that takes about 30 minutes. First, a built-in shredder cuts the paper into ribbons, which move to a pulper where they are dissolved in water. The resulting pulp is thinned out, dried, and rolled up into ready-to-use toilet paper. Each roll costs about 10 Yen (11 cents) to make, compared to a store-bought roll of about 60 cents. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The 1.8-meter-tall machine, which weighs 600 kg, is set to go on sale this summer for $100,000. At that price, as some critics have pointed out, the White Goat would have to churn out lots of toilet paper to be economical. It would take 200,000 recycled rolls to break even, not including the costs of running the machine. If the machine were to run 24 hours a day, 365 days per year, it would take a little over 11 years to produce the 200,000 rolls.<strong> But then again, maybe it\u2019s not all about money. Saving trees, reducing paper waste, and serving as a constant reminder of human impact on the environment are also by-products of the machine.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Office Paper to Toilet Paper - White Goat Paper Recycler : DigInfo\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/i51zo3LA70U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#dbdbdb;color:#dbdbdb\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/files\/2020\/09\/cellulose_filaments-e1481308100991.jpg);min-height:240px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Cellulose Filaments<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/fpinnovations.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\">FPInnovations<\/a>&nbsp;has developed a unique process for the production of<strong> cellulose filaments<\/strong> from natural pulp fibers. The process involves <strong>mechanical peeling, does not require the use of chemicals or enzymes<\/strong>, and does not produce effluents, making it <strong>environmentally friendly <\/strong>and well-suited for the <strong>Canadian forest industry<\/strong>.&nbsp;Cellulose filaments obtained by this process have unique features, including sub-micron widths, very high aspect ratios, high flexibility, high surface area, and high bonding potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">They have been shown to be excellent <strong>strengthening agents<\/strong>, bringing significant improvement in the wet-web and dry strength of tissue, towel, printing, and writing, and specialty paper grades. Applications in composite and other non-paper products are also being explored. <strong>The filaments must be well dispersed<\/strong>. Indeed, it was found that because of their nature, the filaments tend to stick together and therefore lose their full strengthening potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The next challenge was to provide methods that would allow drying of the cellulose filaments to <strong>decrease shipping costs <\/strong>and <strong>extend the shelf life of the product.<\/strong> In one approach, techniques were developed to produce films from which the dry cellulose filaments can be effectively re-dispersed in water and retain their original strengthening properties. Another approach involves the incorporation of the filaments into a carrier pulp, followed by drying of the wet mixture using conventional drying equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#dbdbdb;color:#dbdbdb\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#7e5d45\"><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Cellulose filaments: an environmentally-friendly strengthening biomaterial. (December 9th, 2016). FPInnovations. Retrieved from: http:\/\/blog.fpinnovations.ca\/blog\/2016\/12\/09\/fpinnovations-has-developed-a-process-to-produce-cellulose-filaments\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Zyga, L. (February 1st, 2010). Japanese machine turns office paper into toilet paper (w\/ Video). Phys.org.  Retrieved from: https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2010-02-japanese-machine-office-paper-toilet.html#:~:text=As%20the%20company%20explains%2C%20the,they%20are%20dissolved%20in%20water<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Hollinger, J. ( October 2 nd, 2010). Fomitopsis Pinicola. Mushroom observer. Retrieved from: https:\/\/mushroomobserver.org\/image\/show_image\/109142<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Ganoderma oregonense Culture. (2020). Fungi Perfecti. Retrieved from: https:\/\/fungi.com\/products\/ganoderma-oregonense-culture<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Sumerlin, D. (June 30th, 2013). Making Mushroom Paper. Fungi Perfecti. Retrieved from: https:\/\/fungi.com\/blogs\/articles\/making-mushroom paper#:~:text=Did%20you%20know%20that%20paper,ingredient%20in%20plant%2Dbased%20paper<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Foraging: how to identify turkey tail mushrooms for natural, cancer-fighting medicines. ( February 23rd, 2018). The Foraged Foodie. Retrieved from: http:\/\/foragedfoodie.blogspot.com\/2018\/02\/foraging-how-to-identify-turkey-tail.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Making Paper From Fungi. (2020). North American Mycological Association. Retrieved from: https:\/\/namyco.org\/paper_from_fungi_basics.php#:~:text=Six%20steps%20to%20manipulating<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">%20mushrooms%20into%20paper&amp;text=Create%20a%20pulp%20from%20a,in%20a%20dishpan%3B%20stir%20slurry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#dbdbdb;color:#dbdbdb\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/manufacturing-process\/\" style=\"border-radius:15px;background-color:#433837\">PREVIOUS PAGE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#dbdbdb;color:#dbdbdb\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/\" style=\"border-radius:15px;background-color:#433837\">HOME<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"post-excerpt\">Is it possible that paper can be made out of mushrooms? The cell walls of fungi are made of a&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":386,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-437","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/386"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=437"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":864,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/437\/revisions\/864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.kpu.ca\/najikad93\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}